Types and Techniques of Endodontic Files and Reamers
- Hand files provide tactile sensation for cleaning and shaping root canals
- Different types of hand files include K-type files, C-type files, Nickel-titanium files, Hedstrom files, and barbed broach
- Different techniques for using hand files, such as watch winding and circumferential filing technique, balanced force technique, and use of Hedstrom files and barbed broach

Standardization and Advancements in Endodontic Instruments
- ISO handles and color coding for standardized instruments
- Advantages and disadvantages of stainless steel files
- Protaper series for both hand and rotary files
- Advantages and considerations of rotary and reciprocating systems
- Self-adjusting files for complex anatomy and canal configuration

Specific Types of Endodontic Files
- D-files for re-treatment cases, with different lengths and cutting tips
- Purpose and sequence of using D-files to remove gutta percha

Factors Affecting File Failure and Fracture
- Procedural errors leading to file separation
- Cyclic fatigue and flexural fatigue as causes of file fracture
- Torsional fatigue and intrinsic file defects as additional factors
- Operator-related factors contributing to file fracture
- Techniques and precautions to minimize the risk of file separation

Sterilization, Single Use, and Maintenance of Endodontic Instruments
- Importance of single use of endodontic instruments to minimize cross-contamination
- Government guidelines and recommendations for single use
- Advantages of endodontic files and reamers in root canal treatment
- Guidelines for proper sterilization of instruments
- Maintenance and disposal of endodontic instruments to ensure optimal performance and patient safety.