Genome and Cell Structure
- The first genome of T. denticola was sequenced from strain 35405.
- The genome sequence encodes 2,786 open reading frames (ORFs), 6 rRNAs, and 44 tRNAs.
- T. denticola has a larger genome compared to Treponema pallidum, which only encodes 1,040 ORFs.
- Genome sequencing provides important information about the genetic makeup and potential functions of T. denticola.
- Understanding the genome helps in studying the pathogenicity and survival mechanisms of T. denticola.
- Cryo-electron tomography revealed the native cellular architecture of T. denticola.
- T. denticola has tightly organized bundles of periplasmic flagella, allowing it to rotate, flex, and move translationally.
- The tapering of the cell ends and the patella-shaped structure at the cell tip are involved in polar attachment.
- Cytoplasmic filaments composed of the protein CfpA are critical for pathogenicity and various cellular processes.
- Deficient mutants lacking flagella or cytoplasmic filaments show increased uptake by mouse peritoneal macrophages.

Adherence and Cytotoxicity
- T. denticola attaches to proteins of local gingival fibroblasts in the gingival crevice.
- A 53-kDa surface protein on T. denticola transports its components into the host cell and exhibits cytotoxic effects.
- Accumulation of T. denticola facilitates disease-causing processes like membrane blebbing and red blood cell lysis.
- The binding of T. denticola to fibroblasts and epithelial cells contributes to the release of bacterial contents.
- The bacterial components of T. denticola include peptidases, proteinases, hemolytic and hemagglutinating activities, and pore-forming proteins.

Role in Disease - Periodontal Disease
- T. denticola is associated with periodontal disease, which is caused by the accumulation of plaque and poor oral hygiene.
- It is found in periodontal pockets along with other gram-negative bacteria, contributing to the development of periodontal disease.
- T. denticola damages the surface lining of periodontal cells and increases their susceptibility to damage and lysis.
- The presence of T. denticola is particularly observed in patients with orthodontic appliances.
- T. denticola is implicated in various periodontal disease conditions, including the early stage of periodontitis and necrotising ulcerative gingivitis.

Role in Disease - Oral Cancer
- T. denticola is a potential etiological bacterial agent for oral cancer.
- It promotes oncogenesis and the progression of oral cancer through chronic inflammation and inhibition of controlled cell death.
- T. denticola suppresses the immune system and produces cancer-promoting substances.
- The presence of T. denticola, along with other periodontal pathogens, contributes to the development of cancerous cells.
- T. denticola is associated with precancerous gastric lesions and may play a role in intestinal cancer.

Clinical Implications and Management
- Treponema denticola is an important consideration in periodontal care.
- Changes in oral microbiota due to orthodontic appliances have been studied.
- The role of T. denticola in periodontal diseases has been extensively reviewed.
- The bacterium has implications in the management of acute dental problems.
- Understanding the pathogenicity of T. denticola is crucial for dental healthcare professionals.