Introduction to the Periodontium - The periodontium refers to the structures that surround, support, and protect the teeth. - It consists mainly of the gingival tissue and the supporting bone. - The periodontium plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability and health of the teeth. - It includes the enamel, dentine, alveolar bone, oral epithelium, attached gingiva, and periodontal ligament. - The periodontium is essential for proper chewing, speaking, and maintaining the aesthetics of the smile.

The Gingivae - The gingivae are the soft tissues and connective fibers that cover and protect the underlying structures of the teeth. - They are categorised into three anatomical groups: free, attached, and interdental gingiva. - The gingivae help protect against mechanical and bacterial destruction. - Normal gingiva can vary in color from light coral pink to heavily pigmented. - The gingivae play a crucial role in maintaining the health and integrity of the periodontium.

Free Gingiva - The free gingiva refers to the tissues that sit above the alveolar bone crest. - The gingival margin is the fibrous tissue that surrounds the tooth at the cemento-enamel junction. - The gingival sulcus is a natural space between the tooth and the free gingiva. - A healthy gingival sulcus is typically 0.5-3mm in depth. - The gingival sulcus is lined by a non-keratinised layer called the oral sulcular epithelium.

Attached Gingiva - The attached gingiva is tightly bound to the underlying periodontium, including the cementum and alveolar bone. - The junctional epithelium is a collar-like band that separates the free and attached gingiva. - The junctional epithelium acts as a protective barrier against microorganisms. - Collagen fibers in the attached gingiva vary in length and width. - The attached gingiva dissipates functional and masticatory stresses on the gingival tissues.

Interdental Gingiva - The interdental gingiva fills the space between two adjacent teeth. - It is normally triangular or pyramidal in shape. - The interdental papillae, both lingual and facial, form the borders and tip of the interdental gingiva. - The center of the interdental papilla is made up of attached gingiva. - The col is a concave depression that lies beneath the interdental papillae.