T Cell Development and Migration
- T cells are important white blood cells of the immune system.
- T cells play a central role in the adaptive immune response.
- T cells have a T-cell receptor (TCR) on their cell surface.
- T cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow.
- Developing T cells migrate to the thymus gland to mature.
- After migration to the thymus, precursor cells differentiate into distinct types of T cells.
- T cell differentiation continues even after leaving the thymus.
T Cell Subtypes
- CD8+ T cells are cytotoxic and can directly kill virus-infected cells and cancer cells.
- CD4+ T cells function as helper cells.
- CD4+ T cells activate memory B cells and cytotoxic T cells.
- CD4+ T cells secrete different types of cytokines depending on their subtype.
- Examples of different T cell subtypes include T-helper1, T-helper2, T-helper17, and regulatory T cells.
Regulatory T Cells
- Regulatory T cells provide the critical mechanism of tolerance.
- Regulatory T cells prevent immune cells from reacting against one's own cells.
- Regulatory T cells are also known as suppressor T cells.
- Regulatory T cells can be co-opted by cancer cells to prevent immune response against tumors.
- Regulatory T cells play a role in preventing autoimmune responses.
TCR Development and Positive Selection
- TCR development is a critical step in T cell maturation.
- Each mature T cell contains a unique TCR that reacts to different pathogens.
- TCR consists of alpha and beta chains.
- Thymocytes undergo positive selection in the thymic cortex.
- Positive selection ensures that T cells can recognize self-MHC molecules.
- Thymocytes that weakly bind to self-MHC molecules survive positive selection.
Negative Selection and Self-Tolerance
- Negative selection occurs in the thymic medulla.
- Thymocytes that strongly bind to self-MHC molecules are removed.
- Self-antigens are presented on the MHC complex of medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs).
- Thymocytes that interact too strongly with self-antigens receive an apoptotic signal.
- Thymic dendritic cells play a role in presenting self-antigens to developing T cells.
- The process of negative selection ensures the development of self-tolerant T cells.
T cells are one of the important types of white blood cells of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune response. T cells can be distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on their cell surface.
| T cell | |
|---|---|
 Scanning electron micrograph of a human T cell | |
 Scanning electron micrograph of a red blood cell (left), a platelet (center), and a T lymphocyte (right); colorized | |
| Details | |
| System | Immune system |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | lymphocytus T |
| MeSH | D013601 |
| TH | H2.00.04.1.02007 |
| FMA | 62870 |
| Anatomical terms of microanatomy | |
T cells are born from hematopoietic stem cells, found in the bone marrow. Developing T cells then migrate to the thymus gland to develop (or mature). T cells derive their name from the thymus. After migration to the thymus, the precursor cells mature into several distinct types of T cells. T cell differentiation also continues after they have left the thymus. Groups of specific, differentiated T cell subtypes have a variety of important functions in controlling and shaping the immune response.
One of these functions is immune-mediated cell death, and it is carried out by two major subtypes: CD8+ "killer" (cytotoxic) and CD4+ "helper" T cells. (These are named for the presence of the cell surface proteins CD8 or CD4.) CD8+ T cells, also known as "killer T cells", are cytotoxic – this means that they are able to directly kill virus-infected cells, as well as cancer cells. CD8+ T cells are also able to use small signalling proteins, known as cytokines, to recruit other types of cells when mounting an immune response. A different population of T cells, the CD4+ T cells, function as "helper cells". Unlike CD8+ killer T cells, the CD4+ helper T (TH) cells function by further activating memory B cells and cytotoxic T cells, which leads to a larger immune response. The specific adaptive immune response regulated by the TH cell depends on its subtype (such as T-helper1, T-helper2, T-helper17, regulatory T-cell), which is distinguished by the types of cytokines they secrete.
Regulatory T cells are yet another distinct population of T cells that provide the critical mechanism of tolerance, whereby immune cells are able to distinguish invading cells from "self". This prevents immune cells from inappropriately reacting against one's own cells, known as an "autoimmune" response. For this reason, these regulatory T cells have also been called "suppressor" T cells. These same regulatory T cells can also be co-opted by cancer cells to prevent the recognition of, and an immune response against, tumor cells.
