Signs, Symptoms, and Diagnosis
- Protrusive growth at the mandible or maxilla
- Facial asymmetry due to cyst expansion
- Impact at the anterior region of mandible
- Painful and swollen sensation at the jaw region
- Root resorption, cortical bone thinning, and tooth displacement
- BCL-2 protein inhibits apoptosis and may contribute to GOC development
- Traumatic events can lead to GOC formation
- Mutated cells from oral mucosa and dental follicle may cause GOC
- Pre-existing cysts or cancerous constituents can be a probable cause
- GOC can originate from a salivary gland or simple epithelium
- Computed tomography is essential for imaging
- GOC may appear unilocular or multilocular
- Prevalence of GOC at the upper jaw is 71.8%
- Scalloped margin surrounding the GOC
- Average size of GOC is 4.9cm
- Stratified squamous epithelium attached to connective tissue
- Non-keratinised lining with inconsistent diameter
- Basal cells not associated with cancerous origin
- Increased calcium concentration can cause calcification
- Presence of eosinophilic organelles and intra-epithelial crypts
- Differential diagnosis includes central mucoepidermoid carcinoma, odontogenic keratocyst, ameloblastoma, odontogenic myxoma, and dentigerous cyst

Immunocytochemistry and MAML2 Rearrangement
- Cytokeratin profiles can differentiate between GOC and central MEC
- GOC and central MEC show individualised expression for cytokeratin 18 and 19
- Ki-67, p53, and PCNA expression observed in common jaw cysts
- Lack of p53 expression found in radicular cysts
- Ki-67 expression lower in central MEC compared to other lesions
- MAML2 rearrangement useful in differential diagnosis of GOC and central MEC
- CRTC3-MAML2 fusion observed in a second cystic development
- MAML2 rearrangement represents the growth of central MEC from GOC
- Fusion-gene transcript helpful in differentiating GOC from central MEC
- MAML2 rearrangement observed in jaw and salivary gland lesions

Treatment
- Enucleation
- Curettage
- Marginal or partial resection
- Marsupialization
- Follow-up post-surgery to prevent recurrence
- Pre-treatment protocols involve panoramic radiography and computed tomography
- Scans provide information on GOC size, radiolucency, cortical bone, etc.
- Dentition may be embedded in cavity walls depending on expansion position
- Smaller GOCs attached to two teeth, larger GOCs attached to more teeth
- Greater sised lesions require biopsy and precise treatment plan
- Unilocular GOCs with minimal tissue deterioration can be treated with enucleation, curettage, and marsupialization
- Enucleation or curettage may be incomplete for less invasive lesions
- Multilocular GOCs require peripheral ostectomy, marginal resection, or partial jaw resection
- Marsupialization recommended for GOCs with severe structural damage
- Dredging method (repetition of enucleation and curettage) may be necessary
- Follow-up appointments necessary due to high chance of remission
- Remission rate of 21 to 55% within 0.5 to 7 years post-surgery
- Lower risk lesions require appointments for up to 3 years post-surgery
- Higher risk lesions require appointments for up to 7 years post-surgery
- Remission events require appropriate procedures such as enucleation or curettage

Definition, Characteristics, and Clinical Presentation
- A benign cystic lesion that arises from odontogenic epithelium
- Most commonly occurs in the mandible
- Predominantly affects adults, with a slight male predilection
- Often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally on radiographic examination
- Histologically characterised by the presence of gland-like structures and cuboidal/columnar epithelium
- Frequently presents as a painless swelling or a radiolucency on imaging
- May cause cortical expansion and displacement of adjacent teeth
- Diagnosis is confirmed through histopathological examination of a biopsy specimen
- Differential diagnosis includes other odontogenic cysts and tumors
- Radiographic features may include well-defined borders and scalloping of adjacent roots

Complications, Associated Conditions, and Research
- Potential complications include infection, fracture, and displacement of adjacent structures
- Glandular odontogenic cysts have been associated with other odontogenic lesions, such as ameloblastoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma
- Rare cases of malignant transformation have been reported
- Recurrence of the cyst may occur if not adequately treated
- Long-standing cysts may lead to bone resorption and loss of teeth
- Studies have investigated the expression of specific markers, such as podoplanin and TGF-beta, in glandular odontogenic cysts
- Molecular analysis, such as MAML2 rearrangement, can help confirm the diagnosis of central mucoepidermoid carcinoma arising from a glandular odontogenic cyst
- Research has focused on the diagnostic challenges and dilemmas associated with glandular odontogenic cysts
- Treatment modalities and outcomes have been studied to improve patient management
- Further research is needed to better understand the pathogenesis and molecular characteristics of glandular odontogenic cysts.