Lips - Normal lips are symmetrical, pink, smooth, and moist - Abnormal findings include asymmetry, cyanosis, pale color, dryness, and growths or discoloration - Diseases that can affect the lips include mucocele, aphthous ulcer, angular stomatitis, carcinoma, cleft lip, leukoplakia, herpes simplex, and chelitis

Teeth - Healthy teeth should be clean, white, with shiny enamel, and smooth surfaces and edges - Adults should have a total of 32 teeth, while children have 20 deciduous teeth - Abnormal findings include missing, loose, broken, and misaligned teeth - Diseases that can affect the teeth include baby-bottle tooth decay, epulis, meth mouth, and Hutchinson's teeth

Gums - Healthy gums should appear symmetrical, moist, and pinkish with well-defined margins - Dark-skinned individuals may have a melanotic line along the gum margin - Abnormal findings include swelling, cyanosis, paleness, dryness, sponginess, bleeding, or discoloration - Diseases that can affect the gums include leukoplakia, epulis, gingival hyperplasia, gingivitis, periodontitis, and aphthous ulcer

Oral mucosa - Healthy oral mucosa appears moist, smooth, shiny, and pink - Abnormal findings include dryness, cyanosis, paleness, Fordyce spots, canker sores, Koplik's spots, candidiasis, and leukoplakia - Stensen's duct is located opposite the second molar - Diseases that can affect the oral mucosa include canker sores, Koplik's spots, candidiasis, and leukoplakia

Hard palate - The healthy hard palate is whitish in color, with a firm texture and irregular transverse rugae - Abnormal findings include yellowness, extreme pallor - Diseases that can affect the hard palate include torus palatinus, cleft palate, submucous cleft palate, high-arched palate, Kaposi's sarcoma, and leukoplakia