Classification and Recording of Malocclusion - Angles classification: Class II Division 1, Class II Division 2, Class III - Based on the relationship of maxillary and mandibular first molars - Describes 3 classes of malocclusion: Class I, Class II, Class III - Massler and Frankels index records the number of displaced/rotated teeth - Introduced in 1951 by Massler & Frankel - Records prevalence of malocclusion - Uses individual teeth as unit of occlusion - Each maloccluded tooth is given a value of 1 - Score of 0 indicates perfect occlusion, score of more than 10 indicates need for orthodontic treatment - Malalignment Index introduced in 1959 by Lawrence Vankirk and Elliott Pennell - Uses a small plastic gauge-like tool for assessment - Measures tooth rotation and displacement - Mouth is divided into 6 segments for scoring measurement - Score of 0 represents ideal alignment, score of 1 represents minor malalignment, score of 2 represents major malalignment

Assessment of Treatment Need and Priority - Grade Index Scale for Assessment of Treatment Need (GISATIN) - Created by Salonen L in 1966 - Grades the type and severity of malocclusion - Treatment Priority Index (TPI) - Created by R.M. Grainger in 1967 - Assesses the severity of common types of malocclusion - Handicapping Malocclusion Assessment Record (HMAR) - Created by Salzmann JA in 1968 - Establishes treatment needs for handicapping malocclusion - Littles Irregularity Index (LII) - Measures linear displacement of tooth contact points - Model cast can be ranked on a scale of 0-10 - WHO/FDI - basic method for recording of malocclusion - Developed by the Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) - Uses prevalence of malocclusion to estimate treatment needs - Subjective judgment of orthodontic treatment need: non necessary, doubtful, necessary - Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) - Developed and tested in 1989 by Brook and Shaw in England - Determines treatment priority and eligibility for orthodontic treatment on the NHS in the UK - Comprises dental health component (DHC) and aesthetic component (AC) - Memorandum of Orthodontic Screen and Indication for Orthodontic Treatment - Implemented in 1990 by Danish national board of health - Describes health risks related to malocclusion and identifies treatment need - Ideal Tooth Relationship Index (ITRI) - Established in 1992 by Haeger - Utilizes intra-arch and inter-arch relationships to generate index scores - Need for Orthodontic Treatment Index (NOTI) - First described and implemented in 1992 by Espeland LV et al - Used by the Norwegian health insurance system for allocation of treatment subsidies - Risk of Malocclusion Assessment (ROMA) - Published in 1998 by Russo et al for use in exchange for the IOTN scale

Assessment of Orthodontic Treatment Outcome - Assessment of treatment outcome is important in orthodontics - The American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) cases have been used to evaluate treatment outcome - Three-dimensional dental arch and palatal form changes can be assessed after extraction and nonextraction treatment - The desire for orthodontic retreatment has been studied in different populations - Public community orthodontics in Italy has been described as an experience

Comparison of Orthodontic Treatment Need Indexes - Different orthodontic treatment need indexes have been compared - The PAR Index and other indexes have been assessed for their validity and reliability - The IOTN has been used in the UK to determine treatment need - The Danish National Board of Health has provided guidelines for orthodontic screening and treatment indications - The assessment of treatment outcome in ABO cases has been evaluated

Prevalence of Malocclusion - Malocclusion is a common dental condition - A study found that the prevalence of malocclusion in children aged 14 to 18 years was high - Another study reported a prevalence of malocclusion in a specific population group - The prevalence of malocclusion can be assessed and graded using different methods - Variability exists in recording and grading the need for orthodontic treatment based on malocclusion