Definition and Classification of Prognathism
- Prognathism is a condition characterised by the protrusion of the lower jaw.
- It can be classified as either mandibular prognathism or maxillary prognathism.
- Mandibular prognathism is a genetic disorder where the lower jaw outgrows the upper.
- Maxillary prognathism is associated with Cornelia de Lange syndrome.

Causes and Prevalence of Prognathism
- Prognathism can occur due to normal variation among phenotypes in human populations.
- It can also be a malformation, result of injury, disease state, or hereditary condition.
- Genetic factors, such as autosomal recessive inheritance, can contribute to prognathism.
- Environmental factors, such as inbreeding, can also cause prognathism.
- Prognathism is more common in certain populations, including African, Asian, and Native American populations.

Medical Implications and Treatment of Prognathism
- Severe cases of prognathism can lead to functional issues, such as difficulty in chewing and speaking.
- It can also cause aesthetic concerns and impact self-esteem.
- Prognathism may require orthodontic treatment or corrective jaw surgery for functional and cosmetic improvement.
- Orthodontic treatment, such as braces or aligners, may be used to correct mild to moderate cases of prognathism.
- Surgical intervention, such as orthognathic surgery, may be necessary for more severe cases to reposition the jaws and improve facial harmony.

Historical and Cultural Significance of Prognathism
- Prognathism has been observed in historical figures, such as members of the Habsburg dynasty.
- The Habsburg jaw, a term used to describe their distinctive facial feature, has attracted attention from researchers.
- The prevalence of prognathism among the Habsburgs has been attributed to centuries of intermarriage within the royal family.
- Prognathism has also been depicted in art and literature, often associated with negative stereotypes.
- The condition has cultural significance in different societies, with varying perceptions and interpretations.

Diagnosis and Clinical Determinants of Prognathism
- Prognathism can be diagnosed through a physical examination and analysis of facial and dental features.
- Clinical determinants include soft tissue analysis and dental arch relationship assessment.
- Imaging techniques, such as X-rays and CT scans, may be used to assess the severity and underlying causes of prognathism.
- Alveolar prognathism can result from harmful habits like thumb sucking or tongue thrusting.
- Functional appliances can be used to modify bad habits and correct alveolar prognathism.