Types of Prostheses - Transradial prosthesis - Aesthetic functional device - Myoelectric device - Body-powered device - Activity-specific device

Craniofacial Prostheses - Intra-oral prostheses (dental prostheses, such as dentures, obturators, and dental implants) - Extra-oral prostheses (hemifacial, auricular, nasal, orbital, ocular)

Neck Prostheses - Larynx substitutes - Trachea replacements - Upper esophageal replacements

Torso Prostheses - Breast prostheses (single or bilateral, full breast devices, nipple prostheses)

Penile Prostheses - Treatment for erectile dysfunction - Correction of penile deformity - Phalloplasty procedures in cisgender men - Building a new penis in female-to-male gender reassignment surgeries

History - Prosthetics originated in ancient Egypt and Iran around 3000 BCE. - The earliest recorded mention of eye prosthetics is from ancient Egypt. - Ancient Iran had the earliest archaeological evidence of prosthetics. - The Egyptians were pioneers of foot prosthetics, as shown by a wooden toe found in a body from the New Kingdom. - The Greek historian Herodotus mentioned a Greek diviner who replaced his own foot with a wooden prosthetic. - The oldest functional leg prosthesis known is a wooden one from circa 300 BCE. - Iron prosthetic hands and mechanical hands were used in ancient times. - The Romans and Greeks also used prosthetics, including bronze crowns and a famous arm prosthetic. - The earliest confirmed use of a prosthetic device is from 950 to 710 BC in ancient Egypt. - Prosthetics during the Middle Ages were basic and mainly used by debilitated knights. - Ambroise Paré made advancements in amputation surgery and prosthetic design. - Pieter Verduyn created the first non-locking below-knee prosthesis. - James Potts developed a prosthesis with a wooden shank, steel knee joint, and articulated foot. - Sir James Syme introduced a new method of ankle amputation. - Benjamin Palmer improved upon the Anglesey Leg with added features for natural movement. - After World War II, the NAS advocated for better research and development of prosthetics. - The quadrilateral socket was developed at the University of California, Berkeley. - John Sabolich invented the Contoured Adducted Trochanteric-Controlled Alignment Method (CATCAM) socket. - Socket technology improved by locking in the bony anatomy and distributing weight evenly. - The first microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knees became available in the early 1990s. - The Intelligent Prosthesis, released in 1993, was the first commercially available microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee. - An improved version, the Intelligent Prosthesis Plus, was released in 1995. - The Adaptive Prosthesis, released in 1998, utilised hydraulic and pneumatic controls along with a microprocessor. - Cost analysis reveals the advancements in prosthetics over time. - Other individuals, such as Tim Staats, Chris Hoyt, and Frank Gottschalk, have contributed to socket development. - DARPA started the Revolutionizing Prosthetics program in 2005.

Design Trends Moving Forward - Prosthetic design trends aim for lighter, more durable, and flexible materials like carbon fiber, silicone, and advanced polymers. - Bionics and Myoelectric technology are used in prosthetic design, allowing users to control their limbs using muscle contractions. - Integration with AI enables prosthetic limbs to learn and adapt to users' habits and preferences. - AI-enabled prosthetic limbs make real-time adjustments for smoother and more natural motions.

Patient Procedure - Prosthetists are responsible for the prescription, design, and management of prosthetic devices. - Plaster casts are taken of the affected limb to create custom-formed thermoplastic sockets. - Cutting-edge materials like carbon fiber, titanium, and Kevlar provide strength and durability to prostheses. - Advanced electronics are integrated into prostheses for additional stability and control. - Belts, cuffs, suction, or pin lock systems are used to attach the prosthetic limb to the residual limb.

Current Technology and Manufacturing - Advancements in artificial limbs include the use of new materials like carbon fiber, making them stronger and lighter. - Myoelectric limbs, controlled by converting muscle movements to electrical signals, are more common than cable-operated limbs. - Computers are extensively used in the design and manufacture of artificial limbs. - Artificial limbs can be attached using suction sockets or pin locks, providing better fit and reducing wear on the residual limb. - Silicone liners are commonly used to create a better suction fit for artificial limbs.

Production of Prosthetic Socket - The production of a prosthetic socket starts with capturing the geometry of the residual limb. - Plaster casts or digital shape capture systems are used to create an accurate representation of the residual limb. - Rectification involves modifying the model of the residual limb to add volume to pressure points and remove volume from load-bearing areas. - The fabrication of the prosthetic socket involves wrapping the model with a semi-molten plastic sheet or carbon fiber coated with epoxy resin. - Computerised models can be 3D printed using various materials with different flexibility and mechanical strength.

Upper-limb prosthetics - Carbon fiber sockets or interfaces can be lined with compressible foam for comfort and padding. - Self-suspending or supra-condylar socket designs are useful for below elbow absence. - Longer limbs may require locking roll-on type inner liners or complex harnessing for suspension. - Wrist units can be screw-on connectors or quick-release connectors. - Two types of body-powered systems exist: voluntary opening and voluntary closing.

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