Types of Prostheses
- Transradial prosthesis
- Aesthetic functional device
- Myoelectric device
- Body-powered device
- Activity-specific device

Craniofacial Prostheses
- Intra-oral prostheses (dental prostheses, such as dentures, obturators, and dental implants)
- Extra-oral prostheses (hemifacial, auricular, nasal, orbital, ocular)

Neck Prostheses
- Larynx substitutes
- Trachea replacements
- Upper esophageal replacements

Torso Prostheses
- Breast prostheses (single or bilateral, full breast devices, nipple prostheses)

Penile Prostheses
- Treatment for erectile dysfunction
- Correction of penile deformity
- Phalloplasty procedures in cisgender men
- Building a new penis in female-to-male gender reassignment surgeries

History
- Prosthetics originated in ancient Egypt and Iran around 3000 BCE.
- The earliest recorded mention of eye prosthetics is from ancient Egypt.
- Ancient Iran had the earliest archaeological evidence of prosthetics.
- The Egyptians were pioneers of foot prosthetics, as shown by a wooden toe found in a body from the New Kingdom.
- The Greek historian Herodotus mentioned a Greek diviner who replaced his own foot with a wooden prosthetic.
- The oldest functional leg prosthesis known is a wooden one from circa 300 BCE.
- Iron prosthetic hands and mechanical hands were used in ancient times.
- The Romans and Greeks also used prosthetics, including bronze crowns and a famous arm prosthetic.
- The earliest confirmed use of a prosthetic device is from 950 to 710 BC in ancient Egypt.
- Prosthetics during the Middle Ages were basic and mainly used by debilitated knights.
- Ambroise Paré made advancements in amputation surgery and prosthetic design.
- Pieter Verduyn created the first non-locking below-knee prosthesis.
- James Potts developed a prosthesis with a wooden shank, steel knee joint, and articulated foot.
- Sir James Syme introduced a new method of ankle amputation.
- Benjamin Palmer improved upon the Anglesey Leg with added features for natural movement.
- After World War II, the NAS advocated for better research and development of prosthetics.
- The quadrilateral socket was developed at the University of California, Berkeley.
- John Sabolich invented the Contoured Adducted Trochanteric-Controlled Alignment Method (CATCAM) socket.
- Socket technology improved by locking in the bony anatomy and distributing weight evenly.
- The first microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knees became available in the early 1990s.
- The Intelligent Prosthesis, released in 1993, was the first commercially available microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee.
- An improved version, the Intelligent Prosthesis Plus, was released in 1995.
- The Adaptive Prosthesis, released in 1998, utilized hydraulic and pneumatic controls along with a microprocessor.
- Cost analysis reveals the advancements in prosthetics over time.
- Other individuals, such as Tim Staats, Chris Hoyt, and Frank Gottschalk, have contributed to socket development.
- DARPA started the Revolutionizing Prosthetics program in 2005.

Design Trends Moving Forward
- Prosthetic design trends aim for lighter, more durable, and flexible materials like carbon fiber, silicone, and advanced polymers.
- Bionics and Myoelectric technology are used in prosthetic design, allowing users to control their limbs using muscle contractions.
- Integration with AI enables prosthetic limbs to learn and adapt to users' habits and preferences.
- AI-enabled prosthetic limbs make real-time adjustments for smoother and more natural motions.

Patient Procedure
- Prosthetists are responsible for the prescription, design, and management of prosthetic devices.
- Plaster casts are taken of the affected limb to create custom-formed thermoplastic sockets.
- Cutting-edge materials like carbon fiber, titanium, and Kevlar provide strength and durability to prostheses.
- Advanced electronics are integrated into prostheses for additional stability and control.
- Belts, cuffs, suction, or pin lock systems are used to attach the prosthetic limb to the residual limb.

Current Technology and Manufacturing
- Advancements in artificial limbs include the use of new materials like carbon fiber, making them stronger and lighter.
- Myoelectric limbs, controlled by converting muscle movements to electrical signals, are more common than cable-operated limbs.
- Computers are extensively used in the design and manufacture of artificial limbs.
- Artificial limbs can be attached using suction sockets or pin locks, providing better fit and reducing wear on the residual limb.
- Silicone liners are commonly used to create a better suction fit for artificial limbs.

Production of Prosthetic Socket
- The production of a prosthetic socket starts with capturing the geometry of the residual limb.
- Plaster casts or digital shape capture systems are used to create an accurate representation of the residual limb.
- Rectification involves modifying the model of the residual limb to add volume to pressure points and remove volume from load-bearing areas.
- The fabrication of the prosthetic socket involves wrapping the model with a semi-molten plastic sheet or carbon fiber coated with epoxy resin.
- Computerized models can be 3D printed using various materials with different flexibility and mechanical strength.

Upper-limb prosthetics
- Carbon fiber sockets or interfaces can be lined with compressible foam for comfort and padding.
- Self-suspending or supra-condylar socket designs are useful for below elbow absence.
- Longer limbs may require locking roll-on type inner liners or complex harnessing for suspension.
- Wrist units can be screw-on connectors or quick-release connectors.
- Two types of body-powered systems exist: voluntary opening and voluntary closing.

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Prosthesis (Wikipedia)

For other uses, see Prosthesis (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Orthotic.

In medicine, a prosthesis (pl.: prostheses; from Ancient Greek: πρόσθεσις, romanized: prósthesis, lit. 'addition, application, attachment'), or a prosthetic implant, is an artificial device that replaces a missing body part, which may be lost through trauma, disease, or a condition present at birth (congenital disorder). Prostheses are intended to restore the normal functions of the missing body part. Amputee rehabilitation is primarily coordinated by a physiatrist as part of an inter-disciplinary team consisting of physiatrists, prosthetists, nurses, physical therapists, and occupational therapists. Prostheses can be created by hand or with computer-aided design (CAD), a software interface that helps creators design and analyze the creation with computer-generated 2-D and 3-D graphics as well as analysis and optimization tools.