Characteristics and Discovery of Titanium
- Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22.
- It is found in nature as an oxide and can be reduced to produce a lustrous transition metal.
- Titanium has a silver color, low density, and high strength.
- It is resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine.
- Titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain, in 1791 by William Gregor.

Physical Properties of Titanium
- Titanium has a high strength-to-weight ratio and is recognised for its strength.
- It is a strong metal with low density and is ductile in an oxygen-free environment.
- Titanium is lustrous and metallic-white in color.
- It has a relatively high melting point of 1,668°C (3,034°F) and is paramagnetic.
- Titanium has low electrical and thermal conductivity compared to other metals.

Chemical Properties of Titanium
- Titanium forms a thin non-porous passivation layer when exposed to air, protecting it from further oxidation or corrosion.
- It is resistant to oxidizing acids but dissolves in dilute hydrofluoric acid, hot hydrochloric acid, and hot sulfuric acid.
- Titanium can withstand attack by dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, chloride solutions, and most organic acids.
- However, it is corroded by concentrated acids.
- Titanium has excellent resistance to corrosion against oxidizing acids.

Extraction, Compounds, and Alloys of Titanium
- Titanium is extracted from its principal mineral ores using the Kroll and Hunter processes.
- The most common compound is titanium dioxide, which is used in the manufacture of white pigments.
- Other compounds include titanium tetrachloride, used in smoke screens and catalysts, and titanium trichloride, used as a catalyst in polypropylene production.
- Titanium can be alloyed with other elements like iron, aluminium, vanadium, and molybdenum to produce strong, lightweight alloys.
- These alloys are used in aerospace, military, industrial, automotive, medical, and other applications.

Uses and Applications of Titanium
- Titanium alloys are used in aerospace for jet engines, missiles, and spacecraft.
- They are also used in military applications, industrial processes, automotive industry, agriculture, and medical prostheses.
- Titanium is used in orthopedic implants, dental and endodontic instruments, dental implants, and sporting goods.
- It is used in the manufacture of jewelry, mobile phones, and other consumer products.
- The corrosion resistance and strength-to-density ratio of titanium make it highly useful in various applications.