Characteristics and Discovery of Titanium
- Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22.
- It is found in nature as an oxide and can be reduced to produce a lustrous transition metal.
- Titanium has a silver color, low density, and high strength.
- It is resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine.
- Titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain, in 1791 by William Gregor.
Physical Properties of Titanium
- Titanium has a high strength-to-weight ratio and is recognised for its strength.
- It is a strong metal with low density and is ductile in an oxygen-free environment.
- Titanium is lustrous and metallic-white in color.
- It has a relatively high melting point of 1,668°C (3,034°F) and is paramagnetic.
- Titanium has low electrical and thermal conductivity compared to other metals.
Chemical Properties of Titanium
- Titanium forms a thin non-porous passivation layer when exposed to air, protecting it from further oxidation or corrosion.
- It is resistant to oxidizing acids but dissolves in dilute hydrofluoric acid, hot hydrochloric acid, and hot sulfuric acid.
- Titanium can withstand attack by dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, chloride solutions, and most organic acids.
- However, it is corroded by concentrated acids.
- Titanium has excellent resistance to corrosion against oxidizing acids.
Extraction, Compounds, and Alloys of Titanium
- Titanium is extracted from its principal mineral ores using the Kroll and Hunter processes.
- The most common compound is titanium dioxide, which is used in the manufacture of white pigments.
- Other compounds include titanium tetrachloride, used in smoke screens and catalysts, and titanium trichloride, used as a catalyst in polypropylene production.
- Titanium can be alloyed with other elements like iron, aluminium, vanadium, and molybdenum to produce strong, lightweight alloys.
- These alloys are used in aerospace, military, industrial, automotive, medical, and other applications.
Uses and Applications of Titanium
- Titanium alloys are used in aerospace for jet engines, missiles, and spacecraft.
- They are also used in military applications, industrial processes, automotive industry, agriculture, and medical prostheses.
- Titanium is used in orthopedic implants, dental and endodontic instruments, dental implants, and sporting goods.
- It is used in the manufacture of jewelry, mobile phones, and other consumer products.
- The corrosion resistance and strength-to-density ratio of titanium make it highly useful in various applications.
Titanium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ti and atomic number 22. Found in nature only as an oxide, it can be reduced to produce a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength, resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine.
Titanium | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Pronunciation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Appearance | silvery grey-white metallic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Standard atomic weightAr°(Ti) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Titanium in the periodic table | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Atomic number (Z) | 22 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Group | group 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Period | period 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Block | d-block | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d2 4s2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 10, 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Physical properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Phaseat STP | solid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Melting point | 1941 K (1668 °C, 3034 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Boiling point | 3560 K (3287 °C, 5949 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Density (at 20° C) | 4.502 g/cm3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
when liquid (at m.p.) | 4.11 g/cm3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Heat of fusion | 14.15 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Heat of vaporization | 425 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Molar heat capacity | 25.060 J/(mol·K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vapor pressure
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Atomic properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Oxidation states | common: +4 −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.54 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ionization energies |
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Atomic radius | empirical: 147 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Covalent radius | 160±8 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spectral lines of titanium | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Natural occurrence | primordial | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Crystal structure | hexagonal close-packed (hcp) (hP2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lattice constants | a = 295.05 pm c = 468.33 pm (at 20 °C) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Thermal expansion | 9.68×10−6/K (at 20 °C) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Thermal conductivity | 21.9 W/(m⋅K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical resistivity | 420 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Magnetic ordering | paramagnetic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Molar magnetic susceptibility | +153.0×10−6 cm3/mol (293 K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Young's modulus | 116 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Shear modulus | 44 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bulk modulus | 110 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Speed of sound thin rod | 5090 m/s (at r.t.) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Poisson ratio | 0.32 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mohs hardness | 6.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vickers hardness | 830–3420 MPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Brinell hardness | 716–2770 MPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CAS Number | 7440-32-6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Discovery | William Gregor (1791) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
First isolation | Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1825) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Named by | Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1795) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Isotopes of titanium | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain, by William Gregor in 1791 and was named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth after the Titans of Greek mythology. The element occurs within a number of minerals, principally rutile and ilmenite, which are widely distributed in the Earth's crust and lithosphere; it is found in almost all living things, as well as bodies of water, rocks, and soils. The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores by the Kroll and Hunter processes. The most common compound, titanium dioxide, is a popular photocatalyst and is used in the manufacture of white pigments. Other compounds include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), a component of smoke screens and catalysts; and titanium trichloride (TiCl3), which is used as a catalyst in the production of polypropylene.
Titanium can be alloyed with iron, aluminium, vanadium, and molybdenum, among other elements. The resulting titanium alloys are strong, lightweight, and versatile, with applications including aerospace (jet engines, missiles, and spacecraft), military, industrial processes (chemicals and petrochemicals, desalination plants, pulp, and paper), automotive, agriculture (farming), sporting goods, jewelry, and consumer electronics. Titanium is also considered one of the most biocompatible metals, leading to a range of medical applications including prostheses, orthopedic implants, dental implants, and surgical instruments.
The two most useful properties of the metal are corrosion resistance and strength-to-density ratio, the highest of any metallic element. In its unalloyed condition, titanium is as strong as some steels, but less dense. There are two allotropic forms and five naturally occurring isotopes of this element, 46Ti through 50Ti, with 48Ti being the most abundant (73.8%).