Introduction and Development of Zygoma Implants
- Zygoma implants anchor into the zygomatic bone instead of the maxilla.
- They are used when maxillary bone quality or quantity is insufficient for regular dental implants.
- Inadequate maxillary bone volume can be caused by bone resorption or pneumatization of the maxillary sinus.
- Standard implant placement in the posterior upper jaw requires a minimum bone height of 10mm for acceptable survival.
- Zygoma implants were introduced in the late 1990s by Dr. Per Ingvar Branemark, known as the Father of Dental Implantology.
- They are used for dental rehabilitation in patients with insufficient bone in the posterior upper jaw.
- The zygomatic bone provides denser and more cortical anchorage compared to posterior maxillary bone.
- Zygoma implants allow for immediate placement of a prosthesis due to sturdy anchorage and wide stress distribution.
- The implants are available in lengths ranging from 30 to 52.5mm, with a 45-degree angle for prosthesis attachment.

Indications for Zygoma Implants
- Zygoma implants can be used in patients without any teeth in the upper jaw.
- They are suitable for patients with heavily broken down or mobile teeth due to conditions like aggressive periodontitis.
- Zygoma implants are an option for patients with insufficient bone in the posterior upper jaw caused by aging, tumor resection, trauma, or atrophy.
- They provide a solution when conventional implants are not feasible due to inadequate bone volume.
- The reported success rate of zygoma implants worldwide is 97-98%.

Complications Associated with Zygoma Implants
- Sinusitis is a potential complication of zygoma implants.
- Paresthesia in the cheek region can occur.
- Oro-antral fistula is another complication that may arise.
- These complications should be considered when evaluating the risks and benefits of zygoma implant placement.
- Proper patient selection and surgical expertise are crucial in minimizing complications.

Bone Grafting and Sinus Lift Procedures
- Bone grafting and sinus lift procedures can be performed to increase bone volume.
- However, they have disadvantages such as prolonged treatment time and graft rejection.
- Zygoma implants provide an alternative solution without the need for these procedures.

References
- Aparicio, Carlos Ed. 'Zygomatic Implants: The Anatomy-guided Approach.'
- Malevez, Chantal et al. 'Use of zygomatic implants to deal with resorbed posterior maxillae.'
- ten Bruggenkate, Chris M. et al. 'Maxillary sinus floor elevation: a valuable pre-prosthetic procedure.'
- Davo, Ruben et al. 'Immediate function in the atrophic maxilla using zygoma implants: A preliminary study.'
- Kato, Yorihisa et al. 'Internal Structure of Zygomatic Bone Related to Zygomatic Fixture.'