Definition, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of Edema - Edema is the accumulation of excess fluid in body tissue. - It is also known as fluid retention, dropsy, hydropsy, and swelling. - The most commonly affected areas are the legs or arms. - Symptoms include tight skin, heaviness in the affected area, and joint stiffness. - Other symptoms vary depending on the underlying cause. - Pitting edema is characterised by indentation that persists after pressure is applied. - Non-pitting edema does not cause indentation. - Peripheral pitting edema is a common type caused by water retention. - Diagnosis involves a physical examination, medical history review, blood tests, and imaging tests.

Causes of Edema - Venous insufficiency, heart failure, and kidney problems are common causes of edema. - Low protein levels and liver problems can also lead to edema. - Deep vein thrombosis, infections, certain medications, and lymphedema can contribute to fluid retention. - Fluid retention can also occur during late stages of pregnancy and in specific conditions such as inflammations, tendinitis, and pancreatitis. - Other causes include kidney failure, liver cirrhosis, phlebetic lymphedema, late pregnancy, lack of exercise, certain medications, premenstrual water retention, lack of muscle action, varicose veins, and inflammation.

Specific Areas of Edema - Peripheral edema is the accumulation of fluid in the lower extremities. - Cerebral edema occurs in the brain and can be life-threatening. - Pulmonary edema affects the lungs and can cause shortness of breath. - Edema can occur in the cornea of the eye, leading to visual disturbances. - Periorbital edema refers to swelling around the eyes, often seen upon waking.

Generalised Edema - Generalised edema affects the whole body and multiple organs. - Cardiac failure, nephrotic syndrome, liver failure, and anasarca can cause generalised edema. - In rare cases, a parvovirus B19 infection can cause generalised edemas.

Treatment and Complications of Edema - Treatment involves resolving the underlying cause when possible. - Diuretics are commonly used for heart or kidney disease. - Lifestyle changes, such as exercise, elevation of legs, and proper nutrition, can help manage edema. - Complications of edema include skin infections or ulcers, reduced mobility, increased risk of blood clots, development of lymphedema, and organ damage or failure if underlying conditions are not effectively managed.