Heart Failure Definition and Symptoms - Heart failure is a syndrome caused by impaired heart function. - It is characterised by signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and leg swelling. - The heart fails to pump blood effectively, leading to decreased cardiac output. - Fluid accumulation in the veins and tissues causes congestion. - Inadequate blood flow can result in ischemia. - Congestive heart failure is characterised by fluid accumulation in the lungs and other parts of the body. - Symptoms include peripheral edema, pulmonary edema, and ascites. - Low pulse pressure can be an early warning sign. - Left-sided heart failure causes breathing difficulties and fatigue. - Signs of left ventricular failure include displaced apex beat and gallop rhythm.

Left-Sided Heart Failure - Left side of the heart pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body. - Failure of the left side causes blood to back up into the lungs. - Common signs include increased respiratory rate and labored breathing. - Pulmonary edema can be indicated by rales or crackles in the lungs. - Cyanosis may occur in severe cases.

Right-Sided Heart Failure - Right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs. - Failure of the right side causes blood to back up in the veins. - Signs include peripheral edema and ascites. - Increased jugular venous distension may be observed. - Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly can occur.

Diagnosis and Treatment - Diagnosis is based on symptoms, physical findings, and echocardiography. - Blood tests and chest x-ray can help determine the underlying cause. - Treatment depends on severity and may include lifestyle changes. - Medications like ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and diuretics are commonly prescribed. - In severe cases, implanted devices or heart transplantation may be recommended.

Causes, Pathophysiology, and Diagnostic Tools - Heart failure is a syndrome, not a disease. - Common causes include coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, excess alcohol use, infection, and cardiomyopathy. - Heart failure is caused by conditions that reduce the efficiency of the heart muscle. - Long-term activation of neurohormonal systems leads to fibrosis, dilation, and structural changes in the left ventricle. - No agreed-upon gold standard diagnostic criteria for heart failure. - N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) measurement followed by an ultrasound is recommended in the UK. - NT-proBNP or BNP measurement followed by an ultrasound is recommended in Europe and the US. - Echocardiogram (ultrasound) commonly used to support heart failure diagnosis. - Chest X-rays used to aid in heart failure diagnosis.