Signs and symptoms of greenstick fracture - Pain at the injured area - Protective behavior in older children - Crying inconsolably in babies - Swelling and discoloration in the area - Gradual chronic pain or pain from a specific injury

Risk factors for greenstick fracture - Activities with a high risk of falling - Non-accidental injury - Blow on the forearm or shin - Greenstick fractures mostly occur in children and teens - Children and teens have more flexible bones compared to adults

Diagnosis of greenstick fracture - Projectional radiography is generally preferable for diagnosis

Treatment of greenstick fracture - Removable splints result in better outcomes for torus fractures in children - Repeat X-rays are not needed if the person is doing better after 4 weeks

Greenstick fractures in the fossil record - Greenstick fractures found in the fossil record are studied by paleopathologists - Fossils of Allosaurus fragilis show evidence of greenstick fractures - Greenstick fractures are found in the fossil remains of Australopithecus afarensis - Analysis of bone fracture patterns suggest that Lucy died from a vertical fall and impact with the ground