Medical Uses and Techniques - Radiography is used for diagnostic purposes and to guide therapeutic interventions. - Different modalities of medical radiography have different clinical applications. - Computed tomography (CT) uses ionizing radiation and a computer to create detailed images of soft and hard tissues. - Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is primarily used for osteoporosis tests. - Fluoroscopy provides moving projection radiographs and is used to view tissue movement or guide medical interventions.

Industrial Radiography - Industrial radiography is a method of non-destructive testing used to examine the internal structure and integrity of manufactured components. - It utilizes X-rays or gamma rays, which have the ability to penetrate and travel through materials. - Industrial computed tomography is a specific method used in industrial radiography.

Image Quality and Radiation Dose - Image quality in radiography depends on resolution and density. - The resolution is the ability to show closely spaced structures as separate entities. - The density is the blackening power of the image. - The radiation dose varies by procedure, with chest X-rays having an effective dosage of 0.1mSv and abdominal CT scans having an effective dosage of 10mSv. - Safety standards are in place to ensure low radiation dosage.

Shielding and Campaigns - Lead is the most common shield against X-rays due to its high density and stopping power. - The thickness of lead shielding depends on X-ray energy, and shielding is exponential. - The Image Gently campaign promotes low radiation doses and best safety practices in paediatric imaging, while the Image Wisely campaign addresses radiation dose in the adult population. - The World Health Organization and International Atomic Energy Agency work to lower patient radiation dose, and professional medical organizations and equipment manufacturers support these campaigns.

Equipment and History - X-ray generators, X-ray tubes, and other sources of X-ray photons are used in radiography. - Various detectors are used for imaging and dose measurement. - Radiography and fluoroscopy originated from Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen's discovery of X-rays in 1895. - Radiography was used to treat wounded soldiers in World War I, advocated by Marie Curie. - The early history of X-rays is documented in various publications, and the Nobel Prizes in Physics recognised their importance.