Cardiovascular and Haematological System - A heart attack can cause chest pain that may radiate to the jaw. - Calcium channel blockers can lead to gingival hypertrophy. - Nicorandil can cause major aphthous-like ulcer formation. - Iron, folate, and vitamin B12 deficiencies can result in a beefy red tongue and angular chelitis. - Sickle cell disease can cause dental pain, facial swelling, and increased risk of infection.

Respiratory System - Steroidal inhalers used to treat respiratory conditions can increase the risk of dental caries, xerostomia, candidiasis, ulceration, and gingivitis/periodontitis.

Renal System - Renal transplant patients taking immunosuppressant medication (ciclosporin) may experience gingival hyperplasia, aphthous ulceration, herpes simplex virus, oral leucoplakia, candidiasis infection, or Kaposis sarcoma.

Digestive System - Dysphagia, difficulty in swallowing, can be caused by structural or neurological problems. - Gastroesophageal reflux disease can lead to dental erosion. - Crohn's disease can manifest as orofacial granulomatosis and can be treated with corticosteroids. - Eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa can cause severe palatal erosion and swollen parotid glands. - Angular stomatitis and mouth ulcers can be seen in iron-deficient anemia and Crohn's disease.

Endocrine System - Diabetes mellitus can increase the extent and severity of periodontal disease and the prevalence of dental caries due to xerostomia. - Burning mouth syndrome, candidal infections, altered taste sensation, altered tooth eruption, and hypertrophy of the parotid glands are oral manifestations of endocrine disorders. - Acromegaly is characterised by spacing of lower incisor teeth, widening of the mandible, visual field defects, headaches, and diabetes. - Arthralgia and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome can impact oral hygiene practice, predispose to dental caries and periodontal disease, require enhanced prevention, and may need increased dose of steroids during dental treatment. - Addisons disease is associated with skin hyperpigmentation, alabaster-colored pale skin, low blood pressure, postural hypotension, and increased pigmentation in palmer skin creases, nails, and gingiva. - Skeletal disorders such as osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease), dentinogenesis imperfecta (affects teeth), and osteoporosis (decreased bone mineral density) have specific oral manifestations and may have a risk of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ).