Definition and Categorization of Plastic Surgery - Plastic surgery involves restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. - It can be categorised into reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery. - Reconstructive surgery includes craniofacial surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, and burn treatment. - Cosmetic surgery aims to improve the appearance of the body. - Plastic surgery overlaps with other surgical specialties.

History and Contributions in Plastic Surgery - The word 'plastic' comes from the Greek word 'plastikē tekhnē,' meaning the art of modeling malleable flesh. - The term 'plastic surgery' has been used since 1598. - Treatments for plastic repair of a broken nose were mentioned in the c.1600 BC Egyptian medical text called the Edwin Smith papyrus. - Al-Zahrawi, an Arab physician, surgeon, and chemist, is considered the 'Father of Surgery' and the first plastic surgeon. - British surgeon Joseph Constantine Carpue observed Indian rhinoplasty techniques and performed the first major surgery in the Western world in 1815. - German surgeon Carl Ferdinand von Graefe and American surgeon John Peter Mettauer made advancements in nose reconstruction and cleft palate operation, respectively. - Sir Harold Gillies is considered the father of modern plastic surgery and developed many techniques of modern facial surgery during World War I. - Jacques Joseph made significant contributions to the field of plastic surgery with his publication in 1928.

Sub-specialties of Plastic Surgery - Aesthetic surgery: Includes facial and body aesthetic surgery and uses cosmetic surgical principles in reconstructive procedures. - Burn surgery: Divided into acute burn surgery performed immediately after a burn and reconstructive burn surgery done after the burn wounds have healed. - Craniofacial surgery: Divided into paediatric and adult craniofacial surgery, focusing on congenital anomalies and reconstructive surgeries after trauma or cancer. - Ethnic plastic surgery: Aims to change ethnic attributes and alter specific ethnic features. - Hand surgery: Deals with acute injuries, chronic diseases, and congenital malformations of the hand and wrist. - Microsurgery: Concerned with reconstructing missing tissues through transferring tissue and reconnecting blood vessels. - paediatric plastic surgery: Specializes in treating medical conditions in children. - Prison plastic surgery: Plastic surgery performed on the incarcerated population to affect recidivism rate.

Techniques and Procedures in Plastic Surgery - Skin grafting is a common procedure, using autografts from the recipient, allografts from a donor of the same species, or xenografts from a different species. - Emphasizes careful planning of incisions, appropriate wound closure, and the use of the best available suture materials. - Reconstructive surgery corrects functional impairments caused by burns, traumatic injuries, congenital abnormalities, infection and disease, and cancer or tumors. - Common procedures include tumor removal, laceration repair, maxillofacial surgery, scar revision, hand surgery, and breast reduction plasty. - Breast procedures include reduction mammoplasty, mastopexy, augmentation mastopexy, breast implants, and simultaneous augmentation mastopexy. - Body procedures include buttock augmentation, cryolipolysis, calf augmentation, liposuction, and body contouring. - Facial procedures include rhinoplasty, otoplasty, rhytidectomy, browplasty, and cheek augmentation. - Other cosmetic procedures include genioplasty, orthognathic surgery, dermal fillers, laser skin rejuvenation, and sclerotherapy.

Psychological Aspects and Risks of Plastic Surgery - Plastic surgery obsession can be linked to psychological disorders like body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). - BDD is a disorder where individuals become preoccupied with perceived defects in their bodies or faces. - 15% of patients seeing cosmetic surgeons have BDD, and half of them are not satisfied with the outcomes. - Common complications of cosmetic surgery include hematoma, infection, scarring, and implant failure. - FDA reports that one in five patients who received breast implants will need them removed within 10 years.