Signs and Symptoms - Pain in the affected area - Skin redness and inflammation - Edema (swelling) - Veins become hard and cord-like - Tenderness

Complications - Superficial blood clot associated with deep vein thrombosis - Pulmonary embolism, which can be life-threatening - Dislodgement and travel of the clot through the heart - Occlusion of the dense capillary network of the lungs - Increased risk of complications when thrombophlebitis occurs

Causes - Deep vein thrombosis in the right leg - Disorders related to increased tendency for blood clotting - Reduced speed of blood flow in the veins - Prolonged immobility - High estrogen states such as pregnancy, estrogen replacement therapy, or oral contraceptives

Diagnosis - Diagnosis primarily based on the appearance of the affected area - Frequent checks of pulse, blood pressure, and temperature - Tests may be performed to determine the cause, such as Doppler ultrasound or extremity arteriography

Prevention - Walking regularly - Drinking plenty of fluids - Changing IV lines if currently hospitalised - Walking after a long period of sitting, especially during travel - Taking preventive measures to reduce the risk of thrombophlebitis